What is Three Phase Electricity?
Three phase electric power is the method commonly used for alternating-current electric power generation, transmission and distribution – the timing of the electron movements. Most commonly used by electrical grids worldwide to transfer power. This is a type of polyphase system and is also used to power heavy loads. Being more economical than a single-phase or two-phase system, it uses less conductor material to transmit electrical power. Most popular for use in industrial & commercial systems, where most residential homes make use of single-phase power.
The three phase system was invented by Nikola Tesla, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky and Galileo Ferraris in the late 1800s. One of the reasons for three phase popularity is that the phase currents tend to cancel out one another, summing to zero in the case of a linear balanced load. Basically, this means that all the phase conductors carry the same current and can be the same size for a balanced load. These systems can create a magnetic field that rotates in a specified direction and when power transfer into a linear balanced load is constant, it helps to reduce generator vibrations.
Three circuit conductors carry three alternating currents (the same frequency) which reach their peak values at one third of a cycle from each other. As one current is in use, the other two currents are delayed in time by one third and two thirds of one cycle of the electric current.
The term ‘phase’ in this instance, refers to the timing of the electron movement, back and forth. It is more efficient to use three circuits out of sequence as was discovered by Nikola tesla, as there are always electrons moving in at least one of the three wires. This is why this system works well for large electrical loads. Three phase motors will also vibrate less and last longer than normal motors. Conductors of a three phase system are usually identified by a code of color, to allow for balanced loading and to assure correct phase rotations for induction motors.
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